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穿越到几十亿年前，一起看看地球和人类是如何诞生的！

DIWIDA.NEWS astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, science, space exploration

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 宇宙的诞生是一场壮丽的焰火秀，始于一次伟大的爆炸。在宇宙大爆炸模型中，宇宙的婴儿时期是在剧烈的爆炸中开启的。
 
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 这场爆炸不仅释放了难以想象的能量，还在瞬间合成了氢、氦以及少量的锂、铍等元素。这些元素构成了宇宙的原始星云。
 
 
 随着时间的流逝，这些星云在重力的作用下开始坍缩。在宇宙大爆炸后约4亿年，星云坍缩形成了第一代恒星。这些恒星内部进行着核聚变反应，合成了铁及之前的元素。
 
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 而在超新星的爆发中，更是合成了铁之后的元素，并将它们抛洒入太空之中，与原始的星云混合，为后续星球的形成提供了丰富的物质基础。太阳，这个我们赖以生存的星球，就是在这样的星云中诞生的。
 
 
 在宇宙的长河中，太阳系的形成是一段激动人心的篇章。星云坍缩理论为我们揭示了这一过程的奥秘。在星云的核心区域，由于物质密度较高，引力作用使得星云物质不断向中心聚集，最终形成了太阳。而星云外围的其他部分则坍缩成了行星、矮行星、小行星等各种天体。
 
 
 太阳系内的行星根据其位置和性质可以分为不同的类别。内太阳系由岩石行星组成，包括我们熟知的水星、金星、地球和火星。它们因为靠近太阳，温度较高，所以主要由难以蒸发的岩石物质构成。而在距离太阳较远的区域，冻结线以外，则形成了气体巨星和冰巨星，如木星、土星、天王星和海王星。这些巨大的行星主要由气体和冰物质构成，因为它们所在的区域温度较低，这些物质不易蒸发。
 
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 地球的特殊性在于它是太阳系中唯一有大量液态水的行星。水是生命之源，正是因为有了水，地球才得以孕育出生命的奇迹。
 
 
 生命的诞生是一个神秘而奇妙的过程。根据科学家的研究，地球上的生命可能起源于约45亿年前。当时，地球还是一个炽热的球体，频繁的火山爆发和电闪雷鸣为生命的诞生提供了条件。在原始的海洋中，无机分子通过化学反应逐渐合成了有机化合物，从而诞生了最初的生命形式。
 
 
 随着时间的推移，生命不断演化，逐渐形成了复杂多样的生物。然而，地球上的生命历程并非一帆风顺。历史上曾发生过多次大规模的生物灭绝事件，其中最著名的一次发生在约6500万年前，一颗小行星的撞击导致了恐龙的灭绝，给哺乳动物的发展留下了空间。在这些生物大灭绝中，只有最适应环境的生物才能生存下来。
 
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 在生命的长河中，人类的出现是一个重要的里程碑。
 
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 人类的远古祖先可以追溯到约580万年前的人族动物，再到250万年前的早期人类。随着时间的流逝，智人在约50万年前的非洲演化出来，并最终扩散到全球。智人的演化过程中，大脑容量的增加和工具的使用是关键因素，最终导致了现代人类的诞生。
 
 
 文明的曙光初现于公元前3500年左右的美索不达米亚平原，苏美尔人建立了最早的文字和城邦，标志着人类文明的开始。随后，文明的火种在世界各地逐渐点燃，人类社会开始了加速发展。
 
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 科学的诞生则是在400年前的欧洲，伽利略被誉为科学之父，他打破了人类对宇宙的传统认识，开启了科学革命。随着科学的发展，人类对自然世界的理解越来越深，科技的进步也日新月异。如今，人类已经能够探索地球深处、飞向太空，甚至开始研究宇宙的起源和演化。
 
 
 人类对地球和宇宙起源的探索从未停止。无数科学家和探索者正致力于解开宇宙的奥秘，无论是通过地面的观测还是太空的探测，人类对未知的渴望和好奇心都在推动我们不断前进。未来，随着科技的进步，我们可能会对宇宙有更深刻的认识，甚至发现地外生命的存在，开启宇宙探索的新篇章。
 
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穿越到几十亿年前，一起看看地球和人类是如何诞生的！

宇宙的诞生是一场壮丽的焰火秀，始于一次伟大的爆炸。在宇宙大爆炸模型中，宇宙的婴儿时期是在剧烈的爆炸中开启的。这场爆炸不仅释放了难以想象的能量，还在瞬间合成了氢、氦以及少量的锂、铍等元素。这些元素构成了宇宙的原始星云。随着时间的流...

Philosophy's Purpose: Wonder, Objectivity, and the Big Question

DIWIDA.NEWS arguments and argumentation, cosmology, politics, psychology of everyday life, science

On May 30, Nepal — After spending time updating study materials ahead of an exam in 2014, I encountered a perplexing query one bright day: “How does labeling things and ideas influence their significance?” To clarify, what would happen if the true term for gravity isn’t actually ‘gravity’ at all? Does humanity unwittingly commit a mistake each time we misname entities and notions, thereby altering their essence?
 
 
 If insight doesn’t provide an answer, maybe compassion could help us understand that my unease isn’t isolated; many struggle with addressing certain queries purely based on instinct. On countless occasions, each one of us, as distinct members of humanity, encounters inquiries that go beyond what tangible knowledge can explain. Sometimes these questions are straightforward like ‘What is God?’ and at other times they delve deeper into fundamentals such as ‘How much of this can we truly confirm?’
 
 
 Queries spanning the gamut from curiosity to precision about our understanding of self often find their place within the vast, sometimes overwhelming domain of philosophy. This Middle English term ‘philosophy’ stems from the ancient Greek phrase philosophia; here, phileo signifies an affection for and Sophia denotes wisdom, leading to the translation of 'philosophy' as 'the love of wisdom.'
 
 
 In ancient Greek times, when philosophers initiated their exploration into the nature of self and existence, the prevailing belief among intellectuals was that philosophical thought begins with amazement. This idea is well illustrated through Socrates' dialogue with Theaetetus in Plato’s work titled *The Theaetetus*, wherein Socrates remarks, “Awe is what sets apart those who engage in philosophy. Indeed, nothing else serves as an origin for philosophy...” Similarly, Aristotle supports this concept, stressing the importance of intellectual curiosity. He expressed his view on this matter in *Metaphysics* stating that human beings started engaging in philosophy primarily because they were filled with awe about the unknown aspects around them.
 
 
 Related story
 
 
 Publications to kickstart your journey into philosophy
 
 
 Many centuries later, David Hume, an adherent of empirical thought, introduced doubts into the discussion, grounding skepticism at the core of his philosophical approach. Meanwhile, Immanuel Kant, a proponent of German transcendentalism, posited that reverence for both the universe and ethical principles initiates humanity’s quest toward enlightenment. In his seminal work, *Critique of Pure Reason*, this rationalist asserted, “Two things inspire me with ever-increasing astonishment and awe—the star-studded skies above my head and the moral code within myself.” Despite their starkly differing interpretations, each contribution enriched the edifice of amazement without fundamentally undermining it.
 
 
 Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic existentialist, positioned suffering at the forefront and dismissed the notion of marvel, whereas G.W.F. Hegel elevated the significance of historical contemplation over awe. In the Preface to the Philosophy of Right, Hegel asserts that "philosophy grasps its era in thoughts." More recently, Ludwig Wittgenstein, who spearheaded the shift towards linguistics within philosophical studies, posited in his seminal work, Philosophical Investigations, that philosophy aims to combat the entanglement of our intellect through language, thus refocusing philosophical inquiry onto the limitations of language itself.
 
 
 The ancient world’s preoccupation with marvels and thus questioning, despite some recent distractions, appears to mark the initial stage in humanity's pursuit of wisdom. As emphasized, philosophers—the quintessential brow-furrowers and contemplative hand-on-chin thinkers—have dedicated millennia to the deceptively straightforward query, “Where does philosophy begin?” Yet, they still haven’t arrived at a definitive response.
 
 
 If we fail to provide an objective response to even a single query, thus getting stuck on the issue of wisdom, what purpose does philosophy serve? However, it’s not merely about one question; as students delve into the murky waters of established philosophical understanding, they discover that many—if not all—philosophical queries lack definitive answers. In light of this, why engage in philosophy at all?
 
 
 Initially, engaging in philosophical texts offers us an opportunity to challenge our instincts, thereby enhancing our ability to think critically. When we encounter a piece of philosophy that aligns with our natural inclinations, it confirms these instincts. However, delving deeper into similar material forces us to examine whether those initial reactions hold up under scrutiny. This process creates room for critique and fosters critical analysis.
 
 
 Apart from honing critical thinking skills, engaging in philosophical activities, as Wittgenstein pointed out, brings us nearer to comprehending our inquiries by clarifying the ambiguities in our language when we use intricate terms. Through this process, we refine human communication.
 
 
 As philosophy deals with guiding our lives, it has consistently served as a means to uncover the concept of the "good life." By directly influencing ethics and morality—which subsequently shape disciplines like politics and economics—philosophy steers human society toward this pursuit of an ideal existence.
 
 
 The lack of objectivity in philosophy does not necessarily detract from its appealing nature. In fact, contemporary philosopher Richard Rorty suggests redirecting philosophical efforts toward fostering human unity instead of pursuing objectivity. This perspective brings comfort to emerging philosophers who find liberation in Rorty’s assertion that philosophy revolves around exchanges—conversations, dialogues, discussions, and debates—rather than seeking definitive truths.
 
 
 Published by HT Digital Content Services with authorization from Republica.
 

Provided by Syndigate Media Inc. (
Syndigate.info
).

Philosophy's Purpose: Wonder, Objectivity, and the Big Question

On May 30, Nepal — After spending time updating study materials ahead of an exam in 2014, I encountered a perplexing query one bright d...

NASA Data Indicates Our Universe May Be Nested Within a Black Hole

DIWIDA.NEWS astronomy, astrophysics, black holes, cosmology, galaxies

<img data-document-id="cms/api/amp/image/AA1BaXwR" data-reference="image" src="https://img-s-msn-com.akamaized.net/tenant/amp/entityid/AA1BaXwR.jpg"/>

 A recent study utilizing information gathered by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope about 263 galaxies has presented fresh support for an unexpected hypothesis.


 According to this theory, our universe might be contained within a black hole which emerged in an even more extensive cosmos.
 Digi24
 .


 Scientists at Kansas State University have found out that the majority of galaxies in our universe spin in the same direction.


 This questions the notion that our universe is uniform, suggesting that we should observe an equal distribution of galaxies spinning clockwise and counterclockwise.


 Lior Shamir, an associate professor of computer science, explained that there are two main possible reasons for this.


 One explanation is that the universe was born in rotation. This fits with the theory of black hole cosmology, which suggests that our universe exists inside a black hole in a larger universe.


 
 Also read
 


 NASA Astronauts Head Home After 9 Months in Space


 “First-Of-Its-Kind Imagery”: NASA Footage Shows Moon Landing Like Never Before


 According to this theory, the Milky Way and all other galaxies would be inside a black hole formed in a much bigger universe.


 This idea goes against several widely accepted theories in cosmology, such as the Big Bang theory, which claims that the Big Bang marked the start of our universe.


 Though the new findings are intriguing, they don't definitively prove that the universe is inside a black hole.


 More evidence is needed to fully understand the implications of this model. Another possible explanation for galaxies rotating in the same direction is that the Milky Way's rotation might distort the data.


 If this is the case, scientists would need to adjust their methods for measuring distances in the universe.


 Adjusting these measurements could also explain other mysteries in cosmology, like why the expansion rates of the universe and large galaxies don't quite match up with expectations.


 The study was published in
 
 Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
 
 .


 While the theory is still far from being proven, it opens up fascinating new possibilities for understanding our universe and its origins.


 
 Also read
 


 NASA’s Europa Clipper to Fly Past Earth in 2026 on Its Way to Jupiter


 NASA Raises Impact Risk of Asteroid: Almost doubled


 NASA Increases Probability of Asteroid YR4 Hitting Earth in 2032

NASA Data Indicates Our Universe May Be Nested Within a Black Hole

A recent study utilizing information gathered by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope about 263 galaxies has presented fresh support for an ...

Could We Be Inside a Supermassive Black Hole? James Webb's Discoveries Spark New Cosmic Theories

DIWIDA.NEWS astronomy, astrophysics, black holes, cosmology, james webb space telescope

<div class="section1">
 <div class="Normal">
 
 Scientists have long been intrigued by the secrets of the universe, and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has provided unprecedented information since it started observing deep space in mid-2022. A recent JWST discovery posed some interesting and surprising questions: Is it possible that our entire universe is contained within a black hole? The bold hypothesis can potentially explain a mysterious cosmic phenomenon seen in the rotation of far-off galaxies.
 
 
 <h2>
 James Webb Space Telescope uncovers surprising galaxy rotation pattern
 </h2>
 
 
 The JWST's observations of the distant galaxies disclosed an intriguing and mysterious pattern. Approximately two-thirds of the galaxies rotate clockwise, and the remaining third rotate counterclockwise. Scientists had predicted a more or less equal proportion, presuming that the rotational direction would be random. The uniformity hints at the presence of some force or structure underneath that might be affecting the galaxies' rotation on a cosmic scale.
 
 
 <img data-document-id="cms/api/amp/image/AA1B81pD" data-reference="image" src="https://img-s-msn-com.akamaized.net/tenant/amp/entityid/AA1B81pD.jpg"/>
 
 
 This finding is based on observations by the James Webb Space Telescope Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES). Kansas State University lead investigator Lior Shamir mentioned two potential explanations for this unexpected trend: either the universe itself was created with a rotational motion, or existing cosmological theory must be rethought or reconsidered.
 
 
 <h2>
 The discoveries from the James Webb Space Telescope have ignited a novel theory about black holes in the cosmos.
 </h2>
 
 
 A proposal put forward long ago is what’s called black hole cosmology. According to this idea, our entire universe could potentially reside within a black hole, itself being an element of an even grander cosmic structure. Under this scenario, the event horizon—that critical boundary beyond which nothing escapes, not even light—would effectively mark the outer limit of our universe.
 
 
 Nikodem Popławski, a theoretical physicist and an ardent advocate of this idea, suggests that black holes could serve as origins for entirely new universes. According to his hypothesis, once matter gets drawn into a black hole, it behaves like a tightly wound spring which eventually snaps back, thus generating a fresh universe. He posits that this phenomenon might have triggered the Big Bang and led to the subsequent swift growth of our cosmos.
 
 
 Popławski elaborates on how a rotation within a black hole could influence the characteristics of the resulting universe. Should observations made by JWST provide indications of an apparent cosmic preferential spin, this would strongly support the black hole cosmology theory. In essence, if the cosmos consistently rotates, it would suggest that this rotational characteristic stems from the spin of the original black hole from which our universe emerged.
 
 
 <h2>
 The movement of the Milky Way and how it might affect the JWST's observations of distant galaxies.
 </h2>
 
 
 An alternate possible reason for the observed rotational patterns could relate to the movement of the Milky Way itself through space. Certain researchers suggest that the rotating nature of our galaxy might be altering the way JWST views distant galaxies receding from us. Should this be true, it may compel astrophysicists to reassess distance calculations across the cosmos and potentially resolve debates about the rate at which the universe expands.
 
 
 Although both these reports are intriguing, Lior Shamir emphasizes the necessity for further investigation to truly understand what’s happening. He stated, “It's crucial to determine whether the universe has an actual preferred orientation.” Such research is vital for broadening our comprehension of the laws governing the cosmos and might lead to groundbreaking insights into how the universe was formed and its fundamental structure.
 
 
 
 Also Read |
 
 
 Is Sunita Williams going to receive additional compensation for her prolonged time in space? Below is the NASA payment structure for her 9-month mission.
 
 
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Could We Be Inside a Supermassive Black Hole? James Webb's Discoveries Spark New Cosmic Theories

Scientists have long been intrigued by the secrets of the universe, and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has provided unp...

Galaxies Dwarf Our Imagination: Study Unveils the Truth

DIWIDA.NEWS astronomers, astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, galaxies

Galaxies turn out to be significantly larger than initially believed, stretching vast distances into deep space—distances so great that our home galaxy, the Milky Way, probably comes into contact with our nearest galactic neighbor, Andromeda.
 

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 As you might believe, the journey to the drugstore seems quite lengthy," penned Douglas Adams in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, "however, compared to space travel, this distance is merely insignificant.


 The vastness of space is immense. Our home, Earth, resides as an insignificant speck circling a star located at the periphery of our Milky Way, which itself is merely one among approximately two trillion galaxies in the observable cosmos. Indeed, space spans an extraordinarily large expanse.


 The planet Earth is situated within one of the spiral arms of the galaxy.
 <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/milky-way-maps-teach-us-about-stars-asteroids-and-life/a-62302537">
 Milky Way
 </a>
 (referred to as the Orion Arm) which is located approximately two-thirds of the way out from the center
 <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/scientists-find-new-black-holes-in-milky-way/a-43258145">
 center of the galaxy
 </a>
 .


 We are aware of the size of the Earth — approximately 12,756 kilometers (7,926 miles) in diameter. Similarly, we know the dimensions of our Sun, which is roughly 1,391,000 kilometers (864,400 miles) across.


 However, just how vast is the Milky Way? Up until this point, the actual dimensions of galaxies have been an enigma.

<h3>
 The size of galaxies exceeds our expectations.
</h3>

 A recent research paper, featured in the journal
 
 Nature Astronomy
 
 It has been discovered that galaxies are much larger than initially believed, possibly even multiple times greater in size.


 The coiled shape of our galaxy constitutes merely its compact central region. In the case of the Milky Way, this spiral spans approximately 100,000 light-years.


 The starlight emanating from stars located within the spiral arms reaches approximately 7,800 light-years out into the vastness of space, marking what was once believed to be the boundary between the end of a galaxy and the start of deep space.


 The research has shown that extensive "halos" of gas stretch beyond the observable spiral arms of stars deeply into outer space.


 Astronomers were able to observe these gaseous halos for the first time thanks to advanced imaging technologies. These techniques allowed scientists to identify galactic gas halos extending more than 100,000 light years into space, significantly expanding our understanding of galaxy sizes.


 <img data-document-id="cms/api/amp/image/AA1q7PBO" data-reference="image" src="https://img-s-msn-com.akamaized.net/tenant/amp/entityid/AA1q7PBO.jpg"/>

<h3>
 Kissing galaxies
</h3>

 Actually, the halos of gas surrounding galaxies reach such vast distances into deep space that the galaxies themselves extend outwards considerably.
 <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/milky-way-gobbled-up-smaller-galaxy-in-cosmic-crash-astronomers-find/a-49706252">
 interact with each other
 </a>
 .


 The research indicates that our Milky Way is probably colliding with our nearest neighboring galaxy, Andromeda — which is approximately 2.5 million light-years distant, as stated by Nikole Nielsen, the lead author of the study and a researcher at Swinburne University in Australia.


 "We’re now observing the limits of the galaxy’s influence, the point at which it transitions into becoming part of the environment surrounding it, and ultimately merging with the larger cosmic web along with other galaxies. These borders tend to be rather indistinct," explained Nielsen in a press release.


 Researchers believe this finding will aid in unraveling one of the most significant mysteries in astronomy: how galaxies develop over time?


 Examining the gaseous envelopes surrounding various kinds of galaxies — those
 <a href="https://www.dw.com/en/webb-telescope-photographs-the-pillars-of-creation-with-great-clarity/a-63503907">
 form stars
 </a>
 , or those that no longer form stars—will aid in understanding how galaxies accumulate mass over time and the effects they have on one another during interactions.


 
 Edited by: Andreas Illmer
 

<h3>
 Primary source:
</h3>

 Nielsen, N.M.,
 
 et al.
 
 A map showing emissions from the interface between the disk and circumgalactic medium in the starburst galaxy IRAS 08339+6517.
 
 Nature Astronomy
 
 (2024).
 
 
 <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02365-x">
 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02365-x
 </a>
 
 


 Author: Fred Schwaller

Galaxies Dwarf Our Imagination: Study Unveils the Truth

Galaxies turn out to be significantly larger than initially believed, stretching vast distances into deep space—distances so great that...

How Many Galaxies Dot Our Universe?

DIWIDA.NEWS astronomers, astronomy, cosmology, galaxies, science

<img data-document-id="cms/api/amp/image/AA1oavc7" data-reference="image" src="https://img-s-msn-com.akamaized.net/tenant/amp/entityid/AA1oavc7.jpg"/>

 The Milky Way is merely a tiny fragment within a vast universe teeming with countless galaxies. However, if we were to venture an informed estimate, approximately how many galaxies might be out there?


 That appears to be an easy query, yet it’s far from straightforward. The primary issue is that despite having access to our strongest telescopes, we are still able to observe just a minuscule portion of the cosmos.


 As per an astrophysicist, the observable universe refers solely to the portion from where light has managed to arrive at our location.
 Kai Noeske
 , who currently serves as an outreach officer at the European Space Agency, told Live Science.


 The universe is
 13.8 billion years old
 However, the observable universe extends over 13.8 billion light-years in all directions. This occurs due to the expansion of the universe; initially, when the cosmos were smaller, light had an earlier beginning.

<img data-document-id="cms/api/amp/video/AA1oaE0N" data-reference="video"/>

 Currently, the overall dimension in every direction is approximately 46 billion.
 light-years
 ," Noeske said.


 That's significantly smaller than what we anticipated for the whole universe. As we understand it, 'We can observe only up to 3 percent of the universe,'
 Pamela Gay
 , a senior scientist at the Planetary Science Institute, told Live Science.


 
 Related:
 
 
 What causes galaxies to have varying forms?
 


 The second issue is that due to the vast number of galaxies, we can only estimate the overall count by examining limited areas within the observable universe.


 As Gay explained, you observe a tiny section of the heavens, tally all objects within that segment, and then extrapolate those findings across the entire sky.


 However, this still necessitates a threshold. “How do we classify something as a galaxy?” asked Noeske. “We’ve got truly massive galaxies that must be at least ten times heavier than ours,” he noted, “and then there are numerous smaller galaxies, including those with lesser masses—about one-tenth that of our galaxy—and extending right down to dwarf galaxies.”


 At times, researchers must establish a lower limit for a galaxy’s mass to enable accurate estimations.


 "Noeske stated that if we establish a mass threshold and aim for it to be conservative, such as one million solar masses, then the estimated total number of galaxies from the early stages until now would be roughly between one and two trillion." Experts believe there were more galaxies present during the earlier periods of the universe compared to what exists currently, hence these estimations represent an averaged figure across different epochs.


 However, those findings originate from the Hubble telescope—the James Webb Space Telescope is beginning to provide insights into these observations—which focus on regions close to Earth within our solar system and are constrained by everything in between.
 solar system
 That illuminates the sky," Gay stated. "We do possess one spaceship equipped with a camera that has managed to travel outside of all the debris within our solar system, and that’s the
 New Horizons spacecraft
 ."


 A 2021 study
 utilized the onboard camera of New Horizons to gauge the overall quantity of light across different sections of space and then calculated the number of galaxies required to produce such luminosity.


 “And then, as they find themselves beyond all the light sources within our solar system, they conclude that we might not require as many galaxies as previously believed,” Gay stated. “As a result, their calculations suggest there could be around 200 billion, perhaps even down to 100 billion, galaxies observable in the universe.”


 "Somewhere between 2 trillion galaxies at the higher end and 100 billion galaxies at the lower end lies the estimated number of galaxies within our observable universe," she explained.


 If you estimate that this accounts for approximately 3%, or possibly even less, of our universe, then you could scale up this galaxy count to determine the overall quantity of galaxies in the cosmos. Should our observable portion represent an even lesser fraction of the entire universe, the cumulative number of galaxies would consequently decrease as well.


 However, since we lack knowledge about the actual dimensions of the universe, these calculations remain uncertain. "In the case of an infinitely vast universe, you would expect to find limitless galaxies," explained Gay.

How Many Galaxies Dot Our Universe?

The Milky Way is merely a tiny fragment within a vast universe teeming with countless galaxies. However, if we were to venture an informe...